Peak airway pressure increases from 25 to 50 cmH2O when beginning right endobronchial ventilation with a right double-lumen tube. The most likely explanation for this increase is

During anesthesia, the ventilation/perfusion ratios change

After tracheal extubation, a healthy 21-year-old man has a 30-second episode of laryngospasm with marked intercostal and sternal retractions, which are corrected with continuous positive airway pressure administered by mask. He now has dyspnea and tachypnea, and a roentgenogram of the chest shows diffuse bilateral interstitial edema. The most likely cause is increased

During right upper lobectomy and one-lung ventilation with a double-lumen endotracheal tube, the PaO2 decreases to 40 mmHg. The PaCO2 is 39 mmHg. Which of the following is most appropriate?

During apneic oxygenation (FiO2 1.0) through a rigid bronchoscope

If a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is uncooperative during pulmonary function testing, the most accurate assessment of his disease will be derived from the

Cessation of smoking on the day prior to an operation is associated with a perioperative

In a spontaneously breathing patient, each of the following increases the work of breathing EXCEPT

A patient receiving mechanical ventilation with oxygen 60% postoperatively has a PaO2 of 160 mmHg and a PaCO2 of 38 mmHg. One hour later, with mechanical ventilation unchanged, the PaO2 is 150 mmHg and PaCO2 is 48 mmHg. The most likely cause of these changes is

Microatelectasis 48 hours after abdominal surgery is most consistently manifested by

A 64-year-old, 87-kg woman in good general health is undergoing a right knee arthroplasty while in the supine position with general anesthesia consisting of enflurane 2% and nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen. She is breathing spontaneously through a 7-mm endotracheal tube. During the first 30 minutes of the procedure, the arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry decreases from 98% to 92%. The most likely cause of the desaturation is

Which of the following is the most likely cause of a decrease in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension during general anesthesia with a constant minute ventilation?

Which of the following pulmonary components is altered the most in a morbidly obese patient?

The adult oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve will resemble that of the fetus in the presence of

An obese, 70-year-old woman with a long history of tobacco abuse is awake and semirecumbent after uneventful anesthesia with isoflurane for a ventral hernia repair. During the first hour in the recovery room while breathing 50% oxygen by face mask, her arterial oxygen saturation decreases to 90% while other vital signs remain satisfactory. Which of the following is most likely to be effective in the management of this situation?

A pulmonary artery catheter is placed in an awake patient breathing room air. Typical right ventricular and pulmonary artery pressure tracings are obtained. With the catheter balloon inflated, blood drawn from the distal port has a PaO2 of 100 mmHg, while a simultaneous radial artery sample has a PaO2 of 90 mmHg. These data indicate that the

A 60-kg, 17-year-old girl with severe idiopathic scoliosis is scheduled for Harrington rod fixation. Which of the following respiratory parameters is compatible with this disorder?

A 20-year-old man involved in a motor vehicle accident is brought to the operating room for irrigation and debridement of open fractures of the femur and humerus. Cyanosis, decreased breath sounds on the left, increased peak airway pressure, and hypotension are noted after intubation of the trachea. The most likely cause is

Postoperatively, a patient is being mechanically ventilated by a constant-flow, pressure-cycled ventilator with the following initial settings: inspiratory/expiratory (I/E) ratio of 1:2, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 25 cmH2O, and rate of 10/min. One hour later, the I/E ratio is 1:4. Which of the following would ensure that the minute ventilation is the same as that initially set?

Mismatching of ventilation to perfusion in the lung is greatest in which of the following situations?

A healthy, spontaneously breathing, supine, anesthetized patient has an arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension difference of 3 mmHg. Following institution of mechanical ventilation the value increases to 12 mmHg. The most likely cause of this change is

Pulsus paradoxus is commonly seen during anesthesia in patients with each of the following conditions EXCEPT

Two days after myocardial infarction involving the left anterior descending coronary artery, a patient's blood pressure decreases acutely from 125/80 to 70/40 mmHg, heart rate increases from 75 to 90 bpm, pulmonary artery pressure increases to 50/30 mmHg, and urine output decreases from 60 to 10 ml/hr. Thermodilution cardiac output has increased from 4 to 7 L/min. The most appropriate action is to

After a gastric stapling procedure, a 150-kg woman is extubated and breathing spontaneously in the recovery room at a rate of 26/min and an FiO2 of 0.5. Arterial blood gas analysis shows PaO2 96 mmHg, PaCO2 44 mmHg, and pH 7.37. The parameter most closely related to her increased alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient is

Prior to occlusion of any major pulmonary blood vessels during a thoracotomy, applying positive end-expiratory pressure to ventilation through the dependent lumen of a double-lumen tube and occluding the upper lumen of the tube will

Systemic hypothermia to 30°C is accompanied by

Which of the following statements about pulmonary function testing is true?

A 14-year-old girl with status asthmaticus is receiving oxygen 3 L/min through nasal prongs. Heart rate is 110 bpm. Arterial blood gas values are PaO2 90 mmHg, PaCO2 32 mmHg, and pH 7.46. If ventilation appears unchanged, which of the following is the most reliable sign of impending respiratory failure?

A patient has decreased lung compliance and hypoxemia after a 30-minute episode of laryngospasm following extubation. The most likely cause is

The acute onset of hypotension without a decrease in mixed venous oxygen saturation is most likely associated with the onset of

A woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is extubated and minimally responsive after isoflurane anesthesia. She is receiving oxygen 6 L/min through a face mask. Respirations are 10/min, PaO2 is 68 mmHg, PaCO2 is 54 mmHg, and pH is 7.28. The most likely cause of the respiratory acidemia is

A 35-kg child requires mechanical ventilation with pure oxygen at a tidal volume of 350 ml and a rate of 20/min during a severe asthma attack. The most likely cause of severe hypotension after initiating mechanical ventilation is

In a patient with 20% pulmonary shunt and a PaO2 of 60 mmHg, cardiac output suddenly decreases from 5 L/min to 3 L/min. Oxygen consumption is unchanged. As a result, the PaO2 will

If minute ventilation remains constant, a decrease in end-expiratory carbon dioxide concentration will occur with

An 8-year-old child with chronic renal failure is scheduled for an operation to create an arteriovenous fistula. Laboratory studies include: Hemoglobin 6.5 g/dl, Blood gases (breathing air) : PaO2 97 mmHg, PaCO2 29 mmHg, pH 7.30 Sodium 129 mEq/L Potassium 5.5 mEq/L Chloride 101 mEq/L Bicarbonate 15 mEq/L. Before inducing general anesthesia, which of the following abnormalities should be corrected?

During induction of general anesthesia in a patient with a supraglottic tumor, both intubation and subsequent ventilation via a face mask are impossible. A cricothyroidotomy is performed with a 16-gauge intravenous catheter. Which of the following statements is true?

If minute ventilation is held constant, which of the following is LEAST likely to alter PaCO2?

Each of the following is a physiologic effect of intra-aortic balloon pump therapy EXCEPT

At extubation performed one week after nasotracheal intubation, each of the following is likely to occur EXCEPT

Following a right lower lobectomy, a patient develops a bronchopleural fistula and becomes hypoxic. He is orally intubated and mechanically ventilated with pure oxygen. PaO2 is 65 mmHg, PaCO2 is 70 mmHg, and pH is 7.25. Which of the following will produce the most favorable change in the blood gases?

In a patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome who is being mechanically ventilated, which of the following findings indicates the most severe disease?

A 70-kg, 77-year-old man Is undergoing left nephrectomy with nitrous oxide, oxygen, fentanyl, and midazolam anesthesia. He has a 90 pack-year history of cigarette smoking and has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. One hour after incision, expiratory wheezing occurs and peak Inspiratory pressure increases from 35 to 65 cmH20; end-tidal PCO2 is unchanged, but SpO2 decreases from 97% to 88%. The most likely cause is

A child has tachypnea immediately after reintubation for intractable laryngospasm. Oxygen saturation is 78% at an FiO2 of 1.0. A radiograph of the chest taken 15 minutes later is most likely to show

Blind nasotracheal intubation is contraindicated in the presence of

Syringe A contains 100 ml of normal blood with a PO2 of 2 mmHg, and syringe B contains 100 ml of normal blood with a PO2 of 98 mmHg. The contents of the two syringes are mixed anaerobicaily to equilibrium. The PO2 of the resultant mixture Is

A 20-kg, 5-year-old boy under treatment for five days for a cerebral contusion not requiring an operation is still unconscious. After three days of mechanical ventilation, humidified oxygen 40% via T-tube is started. Arterial blood gas analysis shows PaO2 120 mmHg, PaCO2 44 mmHg, pH 7.48, and base excess +6. A nasogastric tube is in place and draining to gravity. Daily fluid therapy has been 5% dextrose in 0.5 normal saline solution 500 ml and 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution 500 ml. Serum electrolyte concentrations are sodium 140, potassium 3.2, and chloride 91 mEq/L. Serum osmolality is 300 mOsm/L. Urine output averages 15 ml/hour. Dexamethasone 8 mg/day has been the only drug therapy. This patient most likely requires

A 157 cm (5 ft 2 in), 180-kg, 40-year-old woman has a PaO2 of 65 mmHg, a PaCO2 of 38 mmHg, and a pH of 7.43 while breathing room air preoperatively. The most likely cause of these values is

Each of the following increases arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension difference EXCEPT

A 70-kg, 22-year-old man who is unconscious after a closed head injury is to undergo emergency splenectomy. He is anesthetized with thiopental, given pancuronium for paralysis, and started on nitrous oxide and oxygen 50% each with controlled ventilation (tidal volume 700 ml, rate 10/min). Pulse is 70 bpm, blood pressure is 160/100 mmHg, PaO2 is 65 mmHg, PaC02 is 45 mmHg, and pH is 7.30. In adjusting the ventilator at this time, which of the following is most appropriate?

Which of the following spirometric tests is most likely to be accurate in a patient with severe pain?

Which of the following is the most likely beneficial effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a 24-year-old scuba diver with decompression sickness?

Alveolar stability at varying lung volumes is maintained by

A 50-year-old man with an 80 pack-year history of cigarette smoking has a forced expiratory volume in one second of 1.5 L and a forced vital capacity of 3.5 L. Which of the following statements concerning intraoperative anesthetic management is true?

An anesthetized, paralyzed patient is placed in the lateral position and mechanically ventilated. End-tidal PCO2 is 34 mmHg and PaCO2 is 43 mmHg. This gradient

A sensory level of T2 is achieved after administration of spinal anesthesia. Which of the following lung volumes is LEAST likely to be affected?

Positive end-expiratory pressure is effective for treatment of hypoxia resulting from each of the following EXCEPT

A 50-year-old man who takes aspirin and nifedipine is scheduled for thoracotomy with one-lung ventilation. Which of the following is associated with the greatest risk for intraoperative hypoxemia?

Which of the following statements concerning functional residual capacity is true?

An acutely ill 65-year-old man with sepsis has severe hypophosphatemia. Which of the following is most likely to result from this electrolyte disorder?

Carbon dioxide retention first occurs when the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to vital capacity (FEV1/VC) decreases below

One hour after an open cholecystectomy, a 42-year-old patient is hemodynamically stable and breathing spontaneously (rate 10/min and regular) at an FiO2 of 0.4. Fentanyl, isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and pancuronium were used during the procedure. Analysis of arterial blood gases (pH, pCO2, pO2) is most likely to show:

Following pneumonectomy, a paralyzed patient being mechanically ventilated has the following arterial blood gas values: PaO2 71 mmHg, PaCO2 55 mmHg, pH 7.29. SvO2 is 45%. The most likely explanation for this SvO2 is

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is undergoing spinal anesthesia to a T6 sensory level. The most pronounced effect on pulmonary function will be a decrease in

Which of the following findings differentiates the pickwickian syndrome from morbid obesity?

A 35-year-old woman with severe myasthenia gravis is scheduled for thymectomy. Which of the following preoperative pulmonary function tests is most likely to be normal?

For any given FiO2 and PaCO2, the PaO2 is lower in a healthy paralyzed patient anesthetized with isoflurane than in the same patient unanesthetized and breathing spontaneously. The primary cause of this difference is

Which of the following statements concerning pulmonary function in patients with pulmonary fibrosis is true?

A 29-year-old man who has been nasotracheally intubated for two weeks following a motor vehicle accident has a fever (39C) and a constant headache. Leukocyte count is 18,000/mm3. The most likely cause is

A comatose 40-year-old man is to undergo evacuation of an acute subdural hematoma. His left pupil is dilated and blood is present behind the left tympanic membrane. Each of the following is an acceptable intervention EXCEPT

A computer program for hemodynamic calculations has the following input values: body surface area, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and cardiac output. Each of the following values can be derived with this program EXCEPT

During craniotomy in the sitting position, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension suddenly decreases. Ventilatory excursion of the chest is normal. Further evaluation is most likely to show a decrease in

Which of the following is a cardiorespiratory effect of epidural block to a T4 sensory level?

Compared with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV)

A 1-month-old infant becomes hypoxemic faster during apnea than an adult. Which of the following is the primary cause of this difference?

In a 65-year-old man, which of the following findings on preoperative pulmonary function testing is associated with the highest risk for respiratory insufficiency following pneumonectomy?

A previously healthy 28-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department with a probable opioid overdose. Arterial blood gas values are: PaO2 49 mmHg, PaCO2 76 mmHg, and pH 7.12 while breathing room air. Which of the following statements is true?

During rapid-sequence induction prior to an emergency surgical procedure, a 20-year-old patient vomits gastric contents containing particulate matter. An endotracheal tube is easily inserted and ventilation with pure oxygen is initiated. Despite the presence of bilateral breath sounds, SpO2 is 90%. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?

A combined epidural and general anesthetic is used for aortofemoral bypass surgery. Just prior to extubation, the patient received morphine 5 mg through the epidural catheter. Eleven hours later, he is unresponsive while breathing 40% oxygen from a face mask. Respiratory rate is 6/min and SpO2 is 92%. Arterial blood gas analysis shows PaO2 80 mmHg, PaCO2 84 mmHg, and pH 7.16. Which of the following statements concerning this patient is true?

Carbon monoxide poisoning with a carboxyhemoglobin concentration of 20% is characterized by each of the following EXCEPT

A patient sustains cardiac arrest while being mechanically ventilated. Which of the following is the most likely effect on PetCO2?

A patient is scheduled for right pneumonectomy. A left-sided double-lumen endobronchial tube is inserted. After the endobronchial side is clamped and both cuffs are inflated, breath sounds are heard only on the left. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

The carbon dioxide/ventilation response curve

A 95-kg, 65-year-old woman receives sevoflurane and pancuronium during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Three minutes after administration of neostigmine 5 mg and atropine 1.2 mg, the twitch height returns to normal. Spontaneous tidal volume is 500 ml when the endotracheal tube is removed. In the PACU she reports dyspnea and appears distressed. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the respiratory distress?

Which of the following is the most likely cause of the increased incidence of right ventricular failure in patients with morbid obesity?

You are called to a witnessed cardiac arrest where cardiopulmonary resuscitation is being performed. After successful intubation, arterial blood gas values are PaO2 86 mmHg, PaCO2 63 mmHg, and pH 7.25 at an FiO2 of 1.0. The most appropriate management at this time is to

An apneic adult is receiving an oxygen flow of 4 L/min through a rigid bronchoscope. After five minutes of apnea, which of the following findings is most likely?

A 90-kg, 59-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is undergoing laparotomy. Mechanical ventilation is being carried out with a fresh gas flow of 2 L/min at a rate of 16/min and tidal volume of 900 ml; I:E ratio is 1:2.5. PaCO2 remains greater than 50 mmHg. Preoperative PaCO2, was normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?

A 56-year-old woman with pulmonary fibrosis is scheduled for pneumonectomy. Which of the following parameters best predicts potential postoperative functional impairment?

A 54-year-old man is scheduled for open reduction of a fracture sustained when he jumped from a burning building. The carboxyhemoglobin concentration is 25%. Which of the following is the most reliable indicator of adequate oxygenation during general anesthesia?

The sudden onset of pulmonary edema can be caused by each of the following EXCEPT

A 75-kg, 45-year-old patient with quadriplegia at the level of C6 is scheduled for elective cholecystectomy. Pulmonary function tests show an FVC of 2.4 L and an FEV, of 1.2 L. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion based on these findings?

Two days after total abdominal hysterectomy, a 54-year-old woman develops lethargy followed by seizures and coma. Laboratory studies show a serum sodium concentration of 108 mEq/L and serum osmolality of 225 mOsm/kg. The most appropriate next step in management is administration of which of the following?

Which of the following results in decreased mixed venous oxygen saturation?

During a cardiac arrest with effective chest compression and positive-pressure ventilation, 50 mEq of sodium bicarbonate is administered. Which of the following is the most likely result?

In a patient with hypovolemic shock, which of the following factors is the best measure of the overall balance between oxygen supply and demand?

Compared with a person of normal weight, which of the following findings are most likely on pulmonary function testing of a patient with morbid obesity? (FVC, FEV/FVC, FRC, A-a DO2)?

A 30-year-old woman is undergoing laparoscopic tubal ligation. Thirty minutes after induction of general anesthesia, arterial oxygen saturation has decreased to 89%. Arterial blood gases at an FiO2 of 1.0 are PaO2 63 mmHg and PaCO2 40 mmHg; PetCO2 is 32 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Which of the following statements best describes the decrease in functional residual capacity that accompanies the induction of general anesthesia?

Static lung compliance is decreased by each of the following EXCEPT

During one-lung ventilation, each of the following affects hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the nonventilated lung EXCEPT

A 70-kg 22-year-old patient with head trauma and multiple fractures of the long bones is scheduled for fixation of bilateral femoral fractures. Preoperative laboratory studies show a serum sodium concentration of 150 mEq/L, a serum potassium concentration of 3.1 mEq/L, and a urine output greater than 500 ml/hr. Which of the following agents will decrease urine output?

If minute ventilation remains constant, which of the following changes in PetCO2 and PaCO2 will result from a decrease in cardiac output? (PetCO2, PaCO2)

A 55-year-old man is undergoing craniotomy in the sitting position. Mean arterial pressure is 75 mmHg; arterial blood gas values are PaCO2 41 mmHg and pH 7.37. End-tidal CO2 is 7 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the increased PaCO2 to PetCO2 gradient?

Which of the following statements concerning relationships among alveolar pressure, volume, and surface tension is true?

Which of the following statements concerning carbon monoxide poisoning is true?

Compared with a patient who is breathing spontaneously, a patient in the supine position receiving controlled positive-pressure ventilation will most likely have which of the following findings?

During application of continuous positive airway pressure, lung compliance increases because of

Which of the following is the greatest disadvantage of pressure-cycled ventilation?

A 52-year-old woman undergoes facial surgery during general endotracheal anesthesia. The ventilator is set to deliver a tidal volume of 600 ml and a respiratory rate of 10/min at an FiO2 of 1.0. SpO2 is 100%, peak inspiratory pressure is 18 cmH2O, and PetCO2 is 40 mmHg. The surgeon flexes the patient's head so the chin touches the chest. Which of the following findings indicates that endobronchial intubation has NOT occurred?

Initiation of positive pressure mechanical ventilation is LEAST likely to decrease cardiac output in patients with which of the following conditions?

Preoperative evaluation of a patient who has marked malnutrition will demonstrate each of the following EXCEPT

High positive end-expiratory pressure can result in each of the following EXCEPT

Each of the following findings is characteristic of restrictive lung disease EXCEPT

A patient is undergoing thoracotomy in the lateral position. Five minutes after initiation of one-lung ventilation using a double-lumen tube and 100% oxygen, SpO2 decreases from 100% to 65%. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management?

A 70-kg 24-year-old man with bilateral pneumonia whose lungs are being mechanically ventilated has the following measured parameters: tidal volume 750 ml; FiO2 0.7; rate 12/min; positive end-expiratory pressure 10 cmH2O; PaO2 75 mmHg; PaCO2 55 mmHg; pH 7.30. Which of the following alterations should be made in the ventilatory settings?

Addition of 20 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure to a patient receiving controlled mechanical ventilation decreases cardiac output and left ventricular function by

Four hours after open cholecystectomy, a patient who is breathing spontaneously has an SpO2 of 93% in the supine position and an SpO2 of 98% when placed in the head-up position. The most likely cause of this change is an increase in which of the following?

Which of the following statements concerning pressure support ventilation is true?

A 60-kg 25-year-old woman is undergoing laparoscopy in the Trendelenburg position during general anesthesia. Five minutes after peritoneal inflation, the peak airway pressure required to deliver a tidal volume of 800 ml increases from 25 cmH2O to 60 cmH2O. SpO2 decreases from 100% to 80% and systolic blood pressure increases from 110 mmHg to 140 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Which of the following changes in pulmonary function best explains the more rapid rate of rise of alveolar concentration of volatile anesthetics in pregnant women than in nonpregnant women?

Five minutes after initiating one-lung ventilation using a double-lumen endobronchial tube, a 70-year-old patient has a decrease in Sp02 from 99% to 90%. Tidal volume and respiratory rate are unchanged. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy verifies appropriate positioning of the tube. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the desaturation?

A patient undergoes thoracotomy in the lateral decubitus position. Which of the following maneuvers is most likely to increase PaO2 during one-lung ventilation?

A 55-year-old woman who is scheduled to undergo carotid endarterectomy has a history of essential hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Over a 30-minute period beginning one hour after induction of general anesthesia, Sp02 decreases from 99% to 95%. During that time, she has received fentanyl 100 mcg, isoflurane 1%, nitrous oxide 49.5%, oxygen 49.5%, and a nitroglycerin infusion to maintain blood pressure at approximately 160/95 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the decline in oxygen saturation?

A 35-kg child requires mechanical ventilation with 100% oxygen at a tidal volume of 350 mL and a rate of 20/min during a severe asthma attack. The most likely cause of severe hypotension after initiating mechanical ventilation is

When compared with a healthy 30-year-old man, which of the following respiratory parameters is decreased in an otherwise healthy 80-year-old man?

During general anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation, a patient has a VD/VT of 0.5. Which of the following is most likely to decrease the ratio?

A 65-kg 70-year-old man in the PACU is breathing spontaneously at 20/min through an endotracheal tube connected to a T-piece with a fresh gas flow of 5 L/min. He has a tidal volume of 350 mL and an FiO2 of 0.5. SpO2 decreases from 98% to 84% over one hour, then improves to 92% with an FiO2 of 1.0. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the hypoxemia?

A 50-year-old woman develops stridor 10 hours after undergoing thyroidectomy. The most appropriate management is administration of which of the following drugs?

The primary purpose of denitrogenation prior to anesthetic induction is to

A 120-kg 56-year-old man undergoing gastrectomy during anesthesia with fentanyl and isoflurane has a PetCO2 of 35 mmHg and a PaCO2 of 50 mmHg. His FEV,/FVC ratio is 80% of predicted. Heart rate is 120 bpm and arterial blood pressure is 80/40 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the difference in PaCO2 and PetCO2?

Which of the following factors causes a decrease in mixed venous oxygen saturation?

Measurement of which of the following provides the most reliable information about the severity of bronchospasm?

Which of the following provides the most definitive diagnosis in a patient with suspected brain death?

Which of the following statements regarding carbon monoxide poisoning is true?

A 30-year-old man who is undergoing laparotomy and resection of a large kidney tumor has a decrease in SpO2 from 100% to 92% and an increase in peak airway pressure from 20 to 35 cm H2O. Plateau pressure is unchanged at 18 cm H2O. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A healthy, spontaneously breathing, supine, anesthetized patient has a PaCO2 to PetCO2 difference of 3 mmHg. Following institution of mechanical ventilation the value increases to 12 mmHg. The most likely cause of this change is

A 30-kg patient with asthma is receiving general anesthesia and being mechanically ventilated with a measured tidal volume of 300 mL. Increasing the fresh gas flow from 3 L/min to 9 L/min without changing the ventilatory rate or I:E ratio will result in

Which of the following findings is most likely in an 85-kg 30-year-old man who is breathing spontaneously through 6-mm endotracheal tube?

After the bronchial and tracheal cuffs of a right endobronchial tube are inflated, ventilation through the tracheal lumen is not possible. This finding is most consistent with

Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management of a patient with hypotension secondary to sepsis?

Alveolar dead space is decreased by

The flow-volume loop indicated by the "X" is characteristic of

A 57-year-old man who weighs 150 kg and is 170 cm (67 in) tall is scheduled for cholecystectomy. He has a 100 pack-year smoking history. Which of the following findings on pulmonary function testing are most likely?

The hemodynamic changes shown would most likely result from infusion of

The trend plot shows end-tidal gases measured during a radical neck dissection. The event occurring at A is most likely

The flow-volume loop shown is most likely from a patient with which of the following?

This flow-volume loop from a 57-year-old man is most consistent with which of the following conditions?

Which of the lines shown in the graph illustrates the relationship of hematocrit and oxygen transport?

Which of the following changes is most likely in the patient whose pulmonary pathology is schematically illustrated?

The graphs shown illustrate various respiratory patterns in a patient who is breathing spontaneously with continuous positive airway pressure. Which of the following patterns is associated with the LEAST work of breathing?

The illustration depicts flow-volume loops for the same person at two different times in his life. Which of the following is indicated by the dotted loop?