94 questions match your search.

After a gastric stapling procedure, a 150-kg woman is extubated and breathing spontaneously in the recovery room at a rate of 26/min and an FiO2 of 0.5. Arterial blood gas analysis shows PaO2 96 mmHg, PaCO2 44 mmHg, and pH 7.37. The parameter most closely related to her increased alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient is

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A 20-year-old man involved in a motor vehicle accident is brought to the operating room for irrigation and debridement of open fractures of the femur and humerus. Cyanosis, decreased breath sounds on the left, increased peak airway pressure, and hypotension are noted after intubation of the trachea. The most likely cause is

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Measurement of which of the following provides the most reliable information about the severity of bronchospasm?

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Which of the following is the greatest disadvantage of pressure-cycled ventilation?

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A patient sustains cardiac arrest while being mechanically ventilated. Which of the following is the most likely effect on PetCO2?

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A sensory level of T2 is achieved after administration of spinal anesthesia. Which of the following lung volumes is LEAST likely to be affected?

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Compared with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV)

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The illustration depicts flow-volume loops for the same person at two different times in his life. Which of the following is indicated by the dotted loop?

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A 50-year-old man with an 80 pack-year history of cigarette smoking has a forced expiratory volume in one second of 1.5 L and a forced vital capacity of 3.5 L. Which of the following statements concerning intraoperative anesthetic management is true?

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During anesthesia, the ventilation/perfusion ratios change

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A 64-year-old, 87-kg woman in good general health is undergoing a right knee arthroplasty while in the supine position with general anesthesia consisting of enflurane 2% and nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen. She is breathing spontaneously through a 7-mm endotracheal tube. During the first 30 minutes of the procedure, the arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry decreases from 98% to 92%. The most likely cause of the desaturation is

BASIC Respiratory & Critical Care General

A 95-kg, 65-year-old woman receives sevoflurane and pancuronium during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Three minutes after administration of neostigmine 5 mg and atropine 1.2 mg, the twitch height returns to normal. Spontaneous tidal volume is 500 ml when the endotracheal tube is removed. In the PACU she reports dyspnea and appears distressed. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the respiratory distress?

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In a spontaneously breathing patient, each of the following increases the work of breathing EXCEPT

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Microatelectasis 48 hours after abdominal surgery is most consistently manifested by

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High positive end-expiratory pressure can result in each of the following EXCEPT

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The trend plot shows end-tidal gases measured during a radical neck dissection. The event occurring at A is most likely

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Cessation of smoking on the day prior to an operation is associated with a perioperative

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An apneic adult is receiving an oxygen flow of 4 L/min through a rigid bronchoscope. After five minutes of apnea, which of the following findings is most likely?

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A 55-year-old man is undergoing craniotomy in the sitting position. Mean arterial pressure is 75 mmHg; arterial blood gas values are PaCO2 41 mmHg and pH 7.37. End-tidal CO2 is 7 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the increased PaCO2 to PetCO2 gradient?

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Which of the lines shown in the graph illustrates the relationship of hematocrit and oxygen transport?

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Blind nasotracheal intubation is contraindicated in the presence of

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A patient receiving mechanical ventilation with oxygen 60% postoperatively has a PaO2 of 160 mmHg and a PaCO2 of 38 mmHg. One hour later, with mechanical ventilation unchanged, the PaO2 is 150 mmHg and PaCO2 is 48 mmHg. The most likely cause of these changes is

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A healthy, spontaneously breathing, supine, anesthetized patient has an arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension difference of 3 mmHg. Following institution of mechanical ventilation the value increases to 12 mmHg. The most likely cause of this change is

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Which of the following spirometric tests is most likely to be accurate in a patient with severe pain?

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A 70-kg, 22-year-old man who is unconscious after a closed head injury is to undergo emergency splenectomy. He is anesthetized with thiopental, given pancuronium for paralysis, and started on nitrous oxide and oxygen 50% each with controlled ventilation (tidal volume 700 ml, rate 10/min). Pulse is 70 bpm, blood pressure is 160/100 mmHg, PaO2 is 65 mmHg, PaC02 is 45 mmHg, and pH is 7.30. In adjusting the ventilator at this time, which of the following is most appropriate?

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Which of the following statements concerning pressure support ventilation is true?

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Which of the following results in decreased mixed venous oxygen saturation?

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Static lung compliance is decreased by each of the following EXCEPT

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Mismatching of ventilation to perfusion in the lung is greatest in which of the following situations?

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During rapid-sequence induction prior to an emergency surgical procedure, a 20-year-old patient vomits gastric contents containing particulate matter. An endotracheal tube is easily inserted and ventilation with pure oxygen is initiated. Despite the presence of bilateral breath sounds, SpO2 is 90%. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?

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If minute ventilation remains constant, a decrease in end-expiratory carbon dioxide concentration will occur with

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A 30-year-old woman is undergoing laparoscopic tubal ligation. Thirty minutes after induction of general anesthesia, arterial oxygen saturation has decreased to 89%. Arterial blood gases at an FiO2 of 1.0 are PaO2 63 mmHg and PaCO2 40 mmHg; PetCO2 is 32 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

BASIC Respiratory & Critical Care General

Which of the following statements concerning relationships among alveolar pressure, volume, and surface tension is true?

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A 70-kg 24-year-old man with bilateral pneumonia whose lungs are being mechanically ventilated has the following measured parameters: tidal volume 750 ml; FiO2 0.7; rate 12/min; positive end-expiratory pressure 10 cmH2O; PaO2 75 mmHg; PaCO2 55 mmHg; pH 7.30. Which of the following alterations should be made in the ventilatory settings?

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During apneic oxygenation (FiO2 1.0) through a rigid bronchoscope

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Each of the following findings is characteristic of restrictive lung disease EXCEPT

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In a patient with 20% pulmonary shunt and a PaO2 of 60 mmHg, cardiac output suddenly decreases from 5 L/min to 3 L/min. Oxygen consumption is unchanged. As a result, the PaO2 will

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Which of the following factors causes a decrease in mixed venous oxygen saturation?

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After tracheal extubation, a healthy 21-year-old man has a 30-second episode of laryngospasm with marked intercostal and sternal retractions, which are corrected with continuous positive airway pressure administered by mask. He now has dyspnea and tachypnea, and a roentgenogram of the chest shows diffuse bilateral interstitial edema. The most likely cause is increased

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For any given FiO2 and PaCO2, the PaO2 is lower in a healthy paralyzed patient anesthetized with isoflurane than in the same patient unanesthetized and breathing spontaneously. The primary cause of this difference is

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A 52-year-old woman undergoes facial surgery during general endotracheal anesthesia. The ventilator is set to deliver a tidal volume of 600 ml and a respiratory rate of 10/min at an FiO2 of 1.0. SpO2 is 100%, peak inspiratory pressure is 18 cmH2O, and PetCO2 is 40 mmHg. The surgeon flexes the patient's head so the chin touches the chest. Which of the following findings indicates that endobronchial intubation has NOT occurred?

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A 30-kg patient with asthma is receiving general anesthesia and being mechanically ventilated with a measured tidal volume of 300 mL. Increasing the fresh gas flow from 3 L/min to 9 L/min without changing the ventilatory rate or I:E ratio will result in

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Each of the following is a physiologic effect of intra-aortic balloon pump therapy EXCEPT

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A previously healthy 28-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department with a probable opioid overdose. Arterial blood gas values are: PaO2 49 mmHg, PaCO2 76 mmHg, and pH 7.12 while breathing room air. Which of the following statements is true?

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Addition of 20 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure to a patient receiving controlled mechanical ventilation decreases cardiac output and left ventricular function by

BASIC Respiratory & Critical Care General Cardiac

Which of the following pulmonary components is altered the most in a morbidly obese patient?

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A 30-year-old man who is undergoing laparotomy and resection of a large kidney tumor has a decrease in SpO2 from 100% to 92% and an increase in peak airway pressure from 20 to 35 cm H2O. Plateau pressure is unchanged at 18 cm H2O. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

BASIC Equipment & Physics Respiratory & Critical Care General

A 65-kg 70-year-old man in the PACU is breathing spontaneously at 20/min through an endotracheal tube connected to a T-piece with a fresh gas flow of 5 L/min. He has a tidal volume of 350 mL and an FiO2 of 0.5. SpO2 decreases from 98% to 84% over one hour, then improves to 92% with an FiO2 of 1.0. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the hypoxemia?

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During a cardiac arrest with effective chest compression and positive-pressure ventilation, 50 mEq of sodium bicarbonate is administered. Which of the following is the most likely result?

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This flow-volume loop from a 57-year-old man is most consistent with which of the following conditions?

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Which of the following is the most likely cause of a decrease in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension during general anesthesia with a constant minute ventilation?

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In a patient with hypovolemic shock, which of the following factors is the best measure of the overall balance between oxygen supply and demand?

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A combined epidural and general anesthetic is used for aortofemoral bypass surgery. Just prior to extubation, the patient received morphine 5 mg through the epidural catheter. Eleven hours later, he is unresponsive while breathing 40% oxygen from a face mask. Respiratory rate is 6/min and SpO2 is 92%. Arterial blood gas analysis shows PaO2 80 mmHg, PaCO2 84 mmHg, and pH 7.16. Which of the following statements concerning this patient is true?

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Systemic hypothermia to 30°C is accompanied by

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Which of the following findings is most likely in an 85-kg 30-year-old man who is breathing spontaneously through 6-mm endotracheal tube?

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Positive end-expiratory pressure is effective for treatment of hypoxia resulting from each of the following EXCEPT

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When compared with a healthy 30-year-old man, which of the following respiratory parameters is decreased in an otherwise healthy 80-year-old man?

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A 157 cm (5 ft 2 in), 180-kg, 40-year-old woman has a PaO2 of 65 mmHg, a PaCO2 of 38 mmHg, and a pH of 7.43 while breathing room air preoperatively. The most likely cause of these values is

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An obese, 70-year-old woman with a long history of tobacco abuse is awake and semirecumbent after uneventful anesthesia with isoflurane for a ventral hernia repair. During the first hour in the recovery room while breathing 50% oxygen by face mask, her arterial oxygen saturation decreases to 90% while other vital signs remain satisfactory. Which of the following is most likely to be effective in the management of this situation?

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Each of the following increases arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension difference EXCEPT

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Syringe A contains 100 ml of normal blood with a PO2 of 2 mmHg, and syringe B contains 100 ml of normal blood with a PO2 of 98 mmHg. The contents of the two syringes are mixed anaerobicaily to equilibrium. The PO2 of the resultant mixture Is

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A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is undergoing spinal anesthesia to a T6 sensory level. The most pronounced effect on pulmonary function will be a decrease in

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The graphs shown illustrate various respiratory patterns in a patient who is breathing spontaneously with continuous positive airway pressure. Which of the following patterns is associated with the LEAST work of breathing?

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Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management of a patient with hypotension secondary to sepsis?

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A computer program for hemodynamic calculations has the following input values: body surface area, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and cardiac output. Each of the following values can be derived with this program EXCEPT

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The carbon dioxide/ventilation response curve

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Alveolar stability at varying lung volumes is maintained by

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During application of continuous positive airway pressure, lung compliance increases because of

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Four hours after open cholecystectomy, a patient who is breathing spontaneously has an SpO2 of 93% in the supine position and an SpO2 of 98% when placed in the head-up position. The most likely cause of this change is an increase in which of the following?

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If minute ventilation is held constant, which of the following is LEAST likely to alter PaCO2?

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A healthy, spontaneously breathing, supine, anesthetized patient has a PaCO2 to PetCO2 difference of 3 mmHg. Following institution of mechanical ventilation the value increases to 12 mmHg. The most likely cause of this change is

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The hemodynamic changes shown would most likely result from infusion of

BASIC Respiratory & Critical Care Pharmacology & Pharmacokinetics

The flow-volume loop shown is most likely from a patient with which of the following?

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Compared with a patient who is breathing spontaneously, a patient in the supine position receiving controlled positive-pressure ventilation will most likely have which of the following findings?

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A 60-kg 25-year-old woman is undergoing laparoscopy in the Trendelenburg position during general anesthesia. Five minutes after peritoneal inflation, the peak airway pressure required to deliver a tidal volume of 800 ml increases from 25 cmH2O to 60 cmH2O. SpO2 decreases from 100% to 80% and systolic blood pressure increases from 110 mmHg to 140 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

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A 35-kg child requires mechanical ventilation with pure oxygen at a tidal volume of 350 ml and a rate of 20/min during a severe asthma attack. The most likely cause of severe hypotension after initiating mechanical ventilation is

BASIC Equipment & Physics Respiratory & Critical Care Pediatric

Which of the following is the most likely cause of the increased incidence of right ventricular failure in patients with morbid obesity?

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The flow-volume loop indicated by the "X" is characteristic of

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Alveolar dead space is decreased by

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One hour after an open cholecystectomy, a 42-year-old patient is hemodynamically stable and breathing spontaneously (rate 10/min and regular) at an FiO2 of 0.4. Fentanyl, isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and pancuronium were used during the procedure. Analysis of arterial blood gases (pH, pCO2, pO2) is most likely to show:

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Which of the following statements best describes the decrease in functional residual capacity that accompanies the induction of general anesthesia?

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If minute ventilation remains constant, which of the following changes in PetCO2 and PaCO2 will result from a decrease in cardiac output? (PetCO2, PaCO2)

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Initiation of positive pressure mechanical ventilation is LEAST likely to decrease cardiac output in patients with which of the following conditions?

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The primary purpose of denitrogenation prior to anesthetic induction is to

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A 54-year-old man is scheduled for open reduction of a fracture sustained when he jumped from a burning building. The carboxyhemoglobin concentration is 25%. Which of the following is the most reliable indicator of adequate oxygenation during general anesthesia?

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Carbon dioxide retention first occurs when the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to vital capacity (FEV1/VC) decreases below

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Which of the following changes is most likely in the patient whose pulmonary pathology is schematically illustrated?

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Carbon monoxide poisoning with a carboxyhemoglobin concentration of 20% is characterized by each of the following EXCEPT

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During general anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation, a patient has a VD/VT of 0.5. Which of the following is most likely to decrease the ratio?

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Which of the following statements concerning functional residual capacity is true?

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An anesthetized, paralyzed patient is placed in the lateral position and mechanically ventilated. End-tidal PCO2 is 34 mmHg and PaCO2 is 43 mmHg. This gradient

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Pulsus paradoxus is commonly seen during anesthesia in patients with each of the following conditions EXCEPT

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Postoperatively, a patient is being mechanically ventilated by a constant-flow, pressure-cycled ventilator with the following initial settings: inspiratory/expiratory (I/E) ratio of 1:2, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 25 cmH2O, and rate of 10/min. One hour later, the I/E ratio is 1:4. Which of the following would ensure that the minute ventilation is the same as that initially set?

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A patient has decreased lung compliance and hypoxemia after a 30-minute episode of laryngospasm following extubation. The most likely cause is

BASIC Respiratory & Critical Care General