An anesthetized, paralyzed patient is placed in the lateral position and mechanically ventilated. End-tidal PCO2 is 34 mmHg and PaCO2 is 43 mmHg. This gradient
(A) increases during spontaneous breathing
(B) indicates increased dead space ventilation
(C) is caused by increased intrapulmonary shunt
(D) reflects inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
An 8-kg, 1-year-old boy is scheduled for a bilateral inguinal hernia repair. If regional anesthesia is to be used for post-operative analgesia, which of the following statements is true?
(A) Caudal administration of 0.25% bupivacaine will provide analgesia without evidence of motor block
(B) Caudal administration of 0.125% bupivacaine is as effective as caudal administration of 0.25% bupivacaine
(C) Caudal analgesia is more difficult to achieve in young children than in adults
(D) The recommended volume of local anesthetic used for caudal analgesia in children is 3 ml per year of age
(E) The volume of 0.25% bupivacaine required for bilateral ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks would be too large
A Fluotec vaporizer is set to administer halothane 4% using a fresh gas flow of 4 L/min. If the diluent gas flow is increased to 8 L/min, and at the same time the room temperature increases from 20 to 25°C, the approximate concentration of halothane delivered to the patient would be
A 50-year-old woman has episodes of electric-shock-like pain of one minute in duration affecting the right side of the face. In between episodes of this pain, she is relatively pain free. Which of the following is the most appropriate management?