During controlled ventilation, which of the following will cause an increase in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension with a normal waveform on the capnograph?
(A) Bronchospasm
(B) Rapid blood loss
(C) Ventricular fibrillation
(D) Endobronchial migration of the endotracheal tube
A 62-year-old man, who had a myocardial infarction three years ago, complicated by congestive heart failure and renal failure, is undergoing a colectomy. A pulmonary artery catheter demonstrates a cardiac output higher than measurements recorded during a cardiac catheterization two months after the infarction. Which of the following most likely contributes to the increased cardiac output?
(A) Creation of an arteriovenous fistula
(B) Increased hemoglobin concentration from 10 to 12 g/dL
(C) Stimulation of carotid body receptors
(D) Transcutaneous nitroglycerin
(E) Use of a beta-adrenergic blocker to prevent myocardial reinfarction
A
The last muscle to be affected by an interscalene brachial plexus block is the