To eliminate all pain during the second stage of labor, a lumbar epidural block must extend from
(A) T6 to LI
(B) T10 to LI
(C) T10 to SI
(D) T10 to S4
(E) LI to S5
D
Addition of 20 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure to a patient receiving controlled mechanical ventilation decreases cardiac output and left ventricular function by
A patient who is scheduled for emergency debridement of an infected wound on the sole has trismus, rigidity of facial muscles, and spasms of the intercostal muscles, diaphragm, and extremities. During anesthesia, this patient is at increased risk for each of the following EXCEPT
(A) hypotension
(B) hypertension
(C) tachycardia
(D) diaphoresis
(E) hypothermia
E
An 8-kg, 1-year-old boy is scheduled for a bilateral inguinal hernia repair. If regional anesthesia is to be used for post-operative analgesia, which of the following statements is true?
(A) Caudal administration of 0.25% bupivacaine will provide analgesia without evidence of motor block
(B) Caudal administration of 0.125% bupivacaine is as effective as caudal administration of 0.25% bupivacaine
(C) Caudal analgesia is more difficult to achieve in young children than in adults
(D) The recommended volume of local anesthetic used for caudal analgesia in children is 3 ml per year of age
(E) The volume of 0.25% bupivacaine required for bilateral ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks would be too large
The primary mechanism for respiratory arrest following a spinal anesthetic to T2 is
(A) block of carotid chemoreceptors
(B) direct effect of local anesthetic on the medulla
(C) ischemia of respiratory centers in the medulla
(D) paralysis of the diaphragm by neural block
(E) paralysis of intercostal muscles
C
A child undergoing general anesthesia is breathing spontaneously using the Jackson-Rees modification of the Ayres T-piece. Respiratory rate is 20/min and tidal volume is 75 ml. What is the minimum fresh gas flow required to prevent rebreathing?